SSS 2

Lesson 1 · Properties and Structure of Water

• •State the physical and chemical properties of pure water.
• •Explain the structure of water and its polarity.

Lesson 2 · Hardness of Water

• •Distinguish between temporary and permanent hardness in water.
• •Describe methods for removing hardness in water samples.

Lesson 3 · Water Pollution and Treatment

• •Identify common water pollutants in the Nigerian environment.
• •Discuss the importance of water treatment for municipal supply.

Lesson 4 · Types and Tests for Water

• •Distinguish between distilled, spring, and tap water samples.
• •Demonstrate the test for the presence of water using Copper(II) salts.

Lesson 5 · Uses of Water

• •Explain the biological and industrial importance of water.
• •Describe the role of water as a universal solvent.

Lesson 1 · Concepts of Solubility and Solutions

• •Define terms such as solute, solvent, and saturated solution.
• •Distinguish between true solutions, colloids, and suspensions.

Lesson 2 · Factors Affecting Solubility

• •Describe the factors affecting the solubility of solids in liquids.
• •Explain the effect of temperature on the solubility of gases.

Lesson 3 · Solubility Calculations

• •Calculate the solubility of a solute from experimental data.
• •Solve problems involving mass and volume concentration.

Lesson 4 · Solubility Curves and Fractional Crystallization

• •Construct and interpret solubility curves for various salts.
• •Predict the mass of crystals formed during cooling of solutions.

Lesson 5 · Colloids and Their Applications

• •Identify everyday examples of colloids used in Nigeria.
• •Explain the Tyndall effect and its application in mixtures.

Lesson 1 · Introduction to Enthalpy Changes

• •Define enthalpy change and standard state conditions.
• •Distinguish between exothermic and endothermic reactions with examples.

Lesson 2 · Energy Level Diagrams

• •Construct energy level diagrams for heat-releasing and heat-absorbing reactions.
• •Interpret the sign of delta H for chemical processes.

Lesson 3 · Activation Energy and Catalysis

• •Explain the concept of activation energy in a reaction.
• •Describe how catalysts lower the activation energy barrier.

Lesson 4 · Heat of Combustion and Neutralization Calculations

• •Calculate heat of neutralization from experimental calorimetry data.
• •Solve problems using the formula for heat change.

Lesson 5 · Hess's Law and Enthalpy Determination

• •State Hess's law of constant heat summation.
• •Apply Hess's law to determine overall reaction enthalpy.

Lesson 1 · Fundamentals of Reaction Rates

• •Define the rate of a chemical reaction.
• •Explain the collision theory in relation to reaction velocity.

Lesson 2 · Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction I

• •Describe the effect of concentration and pressure on rates.
• •Explain how temperature increases particle kinetic energy and collisions.

Lesson 3 · Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction II

• •Demonstrate the effect of surface area on reaction speed.
• •Identify the role of light in photochemical reactions.

Lesson 4 · Analysis of Rate Curves

• •Produce and interpret rate curves from experimental data.
• •Calculate average rates of reaction from a progress graph.

Lesson 5 · Catalysis and Industrial Applications

• •Identify industrial catalysts used in common chemical processes.
• •Explain the importance of controlling reaction rates in industry.

Lesson 1 · Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium

• •Distinguish between reversible and irreversible chemical reactions.
• •State the characteristics of a dynamic equilibrium.

Lesson 2 · Le Chatelier’s Principle

• •State Le Chatelier’s principle regarding changes in conditions.
• •Predict shifts in equilibrium when concentration or temperature changes.

Lesson 3 · Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

• •Explain the effect of pressure changes on gaseous equilibrium.
• •Describe why catalysts do not change equilibrium position.

Lesson 4 · Equilibrium Constant Calculations

• •Write the equilibrium constant expression for given reactions.
• •Calculate the value of Kc from equilibrium concentrations.

Lesson 5 · Industrial Applications of Chemical Equilibrium

• •Explain how equilibrium principles optimize the Haber process yields.
• •Apply equilibrium concepts to the industrial Contact process.

Lesson 1 · Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction

• •Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen transfer.
• •Define redox reactions using the electron transfer concept.

Lesson 2 · Oxidation Numbers and IUPAC Naming

• •Determine the oxidation number of elements in compounds.
• •Apply IUPAC nomenclature to inorganic compounds using oxidation states.

Lesson 3 · Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

• •Identify oxidizing and reducing agents in chemical equations.
• •Compare the strengths of common oxidizing and reducing agents.

Lesson 4 · Balancing Redox Equations

• •Balance redox equations using the half-reaction method.
• •Show the transfer of electrons in redox processes.

Lesson 5 · Redox Tests and Applications

• •Describe the redox test using acidified Potassium Heptaoxodichromate (VI).
• •Apply redox principles to explain the prevention of corrosion.

Lesson 1 · Principles of Electrolysis

• •Identify components of an electrolytic cell and types of electrolytes.
• •Distinguish between electrolytic cells and electrochemical cells.

Lesson 2 · Preferential Discharge of Ions

• •Explain how ions are selected for discharge at electrodes.
• •Predict the products of electrolysis for various salt solutions.

Lesson 3 · Faraday's Laws and Calculations

• •State Faraday's first and second laws of electrolysis.
• •Calculate the mass of substance deposited during electrolysis.

Lesson 4 · Industrial Applications of Electrolysis

• •Describe the industrial purification of copper using electrolysis.
• •Explain the process of electroplating to prevent rusting.

Lesson 5 · Extraction of Metals and Brine Electrolysis

• •Describe the extraction of aluminum from bauxite by electrolysis.
• •Explain the electrolysis of brine in the chlor-alkali industry.

Lesson 1 · Hydrogen: Preparation and Uses

• •Describe the laboratory preparation and properties of hydrogen.
• •Discuss the industrial uses of hydrogen in Nigeria.

Lesson 2 · Oxygen and Oxides

• •Explain the laboratory and industrial preparation of oxygen gas.
• •Compare the properties of acidic and basic oxides.

Lesson 3 · The Halogen Family: Trends and Properties

• •Identify members of the halogen family and their electronic configurations.
• •Describe the trends in physical properties across the halogens.

Lesson 4 · Chemical Reactions of Halogens

• •Compare the displacement reactions of chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
• •Describe the laboratory preparation of chlorine gas.

Lesson 5 · Applications and Impact of Halogens

• •Identify the uses of halogens in bleaching and sterilization.
• •Discuss the environmental impact of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Lesson 1 · General Properties and Bonding in Metals

• •Compare the general physical properties of metals and non-metals.
• •Describe the metallic bond and its effect on conductivity.

Lesson 2 · Reactivity Series of Metals

• •Explain the position of metals in the electrochemical series.
• •Predict the reactivity of metals with water and dilute acids.

Lesson 3 · Principles of Metal Extraction

• •Discuss common methods used for extracting metals from ores.
• •Describe the reduction of metal oxides using carbon or hydrogen.

Lesson 4 · Alloys and Their Uses

• •Define alloys and give examples such as brass and bronze.
• •Explain why alloys are preferred for specific engineering works.

Lesson 5 · Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention

• •Identify the causes and conditions necessary for rusting.
• •Describe methods like galvanizing and painting to prevent corrosion.

Lesson 1 · Group 1: Alkali Metals

• •Describe the physical properties and flame tests for Group 1.
• •Explain the reactivity of sodium with water and air.

Lesson 2 · Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals

• •Describe the physical properties and electronic configuration of Group 2.
• •Compare the solubility of alkaline earth metal sulfates.

Lesson 3 · Compounds of Alkali Metals

• •Describe the preparation and uses of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda).
• •Identify common salts of potassium used in local agriculture.

Lesson 4 · Calcium Compounds and Their Applications

• •Discuss the industrial importance of limestone and quicklime.
• •Explain the role of calcium compounds in the construction industry.

Lesson 5 · Periodic Trends in Alkali and Earth Metals

• •Compare the chemical reactivity of Group 1 and Group 2 metals.
• •Summarize the abundance of s-block elements in nature.

Lesson 1 · Introduction to Transition Metals

• •Define transition metals and identify their location in the periodic table.
• •List the characteristic physical properties of transition elements.

Lesson 2 · Variable Oxidation States and Coloration

• •Explain why transition metals exhibit multiple oxidation states.
• •Describe the formation of colored ions by transition elements.

Lesson 3 · Catalytic Properties of Transition Elements

• •Explain the catalytic property of transition metals and their compounds.
• •Identify transition metal catalysts used in the Contact process.

Lesson 4 · Complex Ion Formation

• •Define complex ions and coordination numbers in transition chemistry.
• •Identify examples of complex ions like tetraamminecopper(II).

Lesson 5 · Focus on Iron: Extraction and Steel

• •Describe the extraction of iron in the blast furnace.
• •Discuss the properties and uses of different types of steel.

Lesson 1 · Identification of Gases

• •Demonstrate the use of litmus and universal indicators.
• •Identify gases like CO2, NH3, and SO2 using test reagents.

Lesson 2 · Tests for Cations I: Flame and NaOH Tests

• •Perform flame tests to identify metal cations in salts.
• •Describe the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide to identify cations.

Lesson 3 · Tests for Cations II: Ammonia and Confirmatory Tests

• •Use aqueous ammonia to distinguish between aluminum and zinc ions.
• •Describe the confirmatory test for calcium and iron ions.

Lesson 4 · Identification of Anions

• •Identify chloride, carbonate, and sulfate anions using silver and barium salts.
• •Describe the brown ring test for the nitrate ion.

Lesson 5 · Systematic Salt Analysis and Reporting

• •Identify source of errors in qualitative salt analysis.
• •Record observations and inferences systematically in a lab report.